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A 58-year-old female presents to the clinic with a complaint of worsening knee pain over the past two years. She describes the pain as a deep, aching sensation that worsens with activity, particularly after long periods of standing or walking. She reports morning stiffness that lasts about 15 minutes and notices some swelling in her knees at the end of the day. The patient has difficulty climbing stairs and feels her range of motion is becoming limited. She has a history of obesity (BMI 32) and has worked as a retail cashier for over 30 years, which involves prolonged standing. Physical examination reveals crepitus (a grating sensation) upon knee movement, mild swelling, and decreased range of motion. X-rays show joint space narrowing and osteophyte formation. In 1 -2 pages, answer the questions below in detail. You must use current evidence-based resources to support your answers. Follow APA guidelines. Follow the grading rubric. Questions: 1. What are the risk factors that likely contributed to the development of osteoarthritis in this patient? 2. What is the pathophysiology of osteoarthritis, and how does it relate to the patient’s symptoms, such as pain and stiffness? 3. Why does the patient experience more pain after long periods of standing or walking? Prolonged standing or walking increases mechanical stress on the knee joint, particularly 4. What is the significance of the crepitus and joint space narrowing observed during the physical exam and on the X-ray? 5. How does obesity play a role in the progression of osteoarthritis in the knee joints?

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